Novel Therapeutic Approaches in Connective Tissue Disease-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease.

Connective tissue diseases (CTD) comprise a group of autoimmune diseases that can affect multiple organs in the body including the lungs. The most common form of pulmonary involvement is interstitial lung disease (ILD). CTD-associated ILD (CTD-ILD) can take one of several courses including nonprogressive, chronically progressive, or rapidly progressive. Chronically and rapidly progressive patterns are associated with increased mortality. Limited randomized controlled trial data are available for treatment of CTD-ILD, with most data coming from systemic sclerosis-related ILD. The current first-line treatment for all CTD-ILD is immunosuppression with consideration of antifibrotics, stem cell transplant, and lung transplant in progressive disease. In this article, we review data for ILD treatment options in systemic sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, myositis, and primary Sjögren's syndrome-related ILDs.

Advances in biological and targeted therapies for systemic sclerosis.

INTRODUCTION: Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a severe, and often life-threatening, autoimmune disease, which causes inflammation and fibrosis of the skin and internal organs. There are currently limited effective therapeutic options for patients with SSc. There are recently completed and ongoing phase 2 and 3 studies looking at biologic therapies for SSc that target the underlying pathogenesis of the disease. AREAS COVERED: The purpose of this review is to describe completed and ongoing trials of different biologic therapies for the treatment of SSc. This review discusses biologic therapy directed at multiple pathways that are believed to contribute to inflammation and fibrosis in SSc including T cell, B cell, direct cytokines, and JAK signaling. Data presented is based on authors' expertise of completed and ongoing trials. EXPERT OPINION: Tocilizumab and rituximab have supporting data to advocate for use in early SSc. Data from tocilizumab showed preservation of forced vital capacity (FVC) and beneficial effects on global composite measure. Recent data from different trials with rituximab in SSc (with and without interstitial lung disease) show beneficial effects on skin and FVC with good tolerability. We highlight the molecular heterogeneity in early SSc phenotype and the need to account for this in future trials.

Impact of a Musculoskeletal "Mini-Residency" Professional Development Program on Knee Magnetic Resonance Imaging Orders by Primary Care Providers.

BACKGROUND: The US Department of Veterans Affairs has created a portfolio of educational programs to train primary care providers (PCPs) in the evaluation and management of common musculoskeletal (MSK) conditions. Appropriate resource utilization for evaluation of knee pain, including limiting unnecessary magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies, is an important theme of these initiatives. The objective of this study was to report the utilization of knee MRI by PCP providers before and after the MSK education program and to determine the appropriateness of these MRI orders. METHODS: Twenty-six PCPs participated in the MSK Mini-Residency educational program held in Salt Lake City between April 2012 and October 2014. Knee MRI orders submitted by these providers 12 months before and 12 months after their participation were reviewed. Magnetic resonance imaging orders were categorized as "inappropriate," "probably inappropriate," or "possibly appropriate," based on accepted guidelines for knee MRI utilization. Differences in the numbers of precourse and postcourse MRI orders for each of these categories were compared using Student t test. RESULTS: Following our program, MRI orders decreased from 130 (precourse) to 93 (postcourse), a reduction of 28% ( p = 0.04). This reduction was observed entirely within the "inappropriate" and "probably inappropriate" categories; the number of orders categorized as "possibly appropriate" increased, but not significantly. CONCLUSIONS: The MSK Mini-Residency training program was a successful educational intervention and was associated with a reduction in inappropriate knee MRI utilization for some participants, while keeping appropriate MRI utilization stable.